How to Use a Drill Bit: Step-by-Step Guide

Understanding drill bits and why the right choice matters

A drill bit is the cutting tool that does the actual work when you drill a hole. The first decision you make is choosing the right bit for the material and the hole you intend to make. Using the wrong bit can cause tear-out, heat build-up, or early wear, which means more time spent correcting mistakes. The right bit not only cuts more cleanly but also extends the life of your drill and the bit itself. According to Drill Bits Pro, the material you’re drilling and the bit geometry are the primary factors that determine performance. For most DIY projects, you’ll choose between wood bits, metal bits, and masonry bits, each designed for a different substrate. Beyond material, pay attention to the bit’s diameter (which defines the hole size) and the shank size that fits your drill chuck. Inexperienced users often overlook the bit’s coating, which can influence wear and heat; basic high-speed steel bits are versatile, while cobalt or carbide-tipped variants suit harsh metals or masonry. In professional practice, you’ll also consider bit point geometry (twist, brad-point, or spear-point) because it affects starting accuracy and exit quality. The goal is to match the bit to the job and to use a sharp, well-maintained tool every time.

The Drill Bits Pro team found that choosing the correct bit type early in a project dramatically reduces rework and increases hole quality. Taking a moment to review material hardness, surface finish, and the desired hole tolerance pays off in time saved and tools lasting longer. Remember: the right bit makes the task easier, not harder.

Next we’ll translate these concepts into practical selection guidance you can apply on any project.

Choosing the right drill bit for the job

Different substrates demand different cutting geometries and materials. Wood bits often feature a brad point or a split point designed to start cleanly and resist wandering on soft surfaces. Metal drilling benefits from high-speed steel (HSS) or cobalt bits that stand up to heat and maintain edge life during repetitive passes. Masonry requires carbide-tipped bits that stay sharp in hard stone and concrete. When selecting diameter, log the intended hole size and consider whether you need a pilot hole for accuracy or to reduce bit stress on thick stock. Bit coatings can reduce friction and heat buildup, with titanium nitride coatings commonly used for longer life in metal drilling. Additionally, consider shank compatibility—your chuck accepts certain diameters and ends; a shorter, thicker shank can improve rigidity, especially in larger holes.

Material hardness and drill speed interact with each other. Softer woods tolerate larger diameters with straightforward feeds, while metals benefit from slower speeds and steady, controlled pressure to avoid heat buildup and work hardening. For masonry, keep the bit cool and use a steady, moderate pace to avoid chipping. By matching material, bit geometry, and hole purpose (through-hole vs. blind hole), you’ll achieve cleaner entry, better surface finish, and fewer chips or burrs. The long-term payoff is faster work, fewer mistakes, and longer tool life.

To help you visualize next steps, think of bit selection as a three-step check: material, hole size, and shank compatibility. If your stock is wood and you need a clean entry, a brad-point bit on a low-to-moderate speed setting is ideal. For metalparts, switch to an HSS or cobalt bit with appropriate lubrication. For masonry, prepare with carbide-tipped bits and steady pressure. This framework keeps you aligned with best practices every time.

Preparing the work area and tool

Before you touch the drill, create a stable, safe workspace. Prepare PPE: safety glasses to protect your eyes from chips, hearing protection if you’re using a loud drill, and gloves if handling rough edges—but avoid loose gloves that could snag a rotating bit. Secure the workpiece with clamps or a bench vise to prevent movement. Mark your hole locations with a pencil and confirm there are no hidden wires or obstructions beneath the surface. If the surface is slick, apply a light layer of masking tape over the mark to help prevent bit wandering. Inspect the drill bit for chips, cracks, or dull edges and wipe away oil or dust so the cutting edge sits cleanly in contact with the material. Cleanliness and control at this stage reduce wandering, chatter, and accidental slips that can lead to injury or damage. When you’ve confirmed all safety checks, insert the appropriate bit into the chuck and tighten securely using a chuck key or your hand on a modern keyless chuck. The goal is to have a firm, perpendicular start so the bit bites cleanly into the material.

Clamping and alignment to prevent drift

A straight, perpendicular entry requires the workpiece to be properly clamped and aligned. Place the workpiece on a solid surface and secure it with clamps that keep it flush against the base. If you’re drilling a small piece, you may need a sacrificial backing board underneath to prevent tear-out on exit. Make sure the drill is held with both hands, or if using a drill press, use its guides for exact alignment. Align your drill bit with the marked spot and verify there’s a clear path for the bit without hitting a bench peg, clamp, or edge. Perpendicular alignment is essential: even a slight angle can create an oblong hole, which is difficult to assemble or assemble incorrectly.

During this step, it’s useful to double-check your setup by gently lowering the bit toward the surface to test engagement with a light touch. If the bit begins to wander, re-make the mark with the center punch and re-clamp. Small adjustments in the position or clamping can make a big difference in hole accuracy and edge quality.

Drilling technique by material

Wood: Start with a sharp wood bit and a slow, steady feed. Maintain a perpendicular angle and let the bit bite into the wood without forcing it. If you’re drilling through a dense board, consider using a pilot hole for larger bits to prevent splitting near the edge. Metal: For metal, choose an HSS or cobalt bit and apply a lubricant or cutting oil to reduce heat and prolong bit life. Use a slower speed and a firm, controlled feed to prevent the bit from skimming and to minimize chatter. Masonry: Carbide-tipped bits are necessary for stone, concrete, and brick. Use a moderate speed with consistent, steady pressure. Start with a light plunge to establish the hole’s location, then widen gradually as the bit clears dust and chips. Always keep the drill perpendicular and use a guide or jig when possible to enhance accuracy.

Lubrication reduces heat and prolongs bit life in metal and some masonry applications, but avoid over-lubricating soft woods where lubrication can gum up the entry. If the surface is delicate or prone to cracking, apply tape over the mark to protect the surface while drilling and prevent chips from fracturing the surface. If the bit binds, back out and recheck alignment before resuming at a lower speed. A steady rhythm and consistent pressure help you maintain control and minimize overheating, leading to cleaner holes and a more precise finish.

Finishing and deburring the hole

After drilling, remove the bit by pulling it straight out to avoid jamming. Inspect the hole’s edge for burrs and use a deburring tool or a small file to smooth the lip. For through-holes, inspect the exit area for tear-out; if needed, run a finishing pass with a smaller bit. Clear debris with a brush or air if available, then wipe the surface to remove dust and metal shavings. If the bit has heated during drilling, allow it to cool before handling to avoid burns. Deburring improves fit and reduces snag hazards when assembling parts. Finally, inspect the hole’s perpendicularity with a square or caliper if precise alignment is essential for your project.

Safety, maintenance, and storage of drill bits

Regular maintenance extends the life of drill bits. Clean bits after use, remove chips and dust, and store in a dry, organized case to prevent rust and misplacement. Inspect bits for wear and replace dull or damaged bits promptly, especially when precision matters. Keep your workspace tidy to minimize tripping hazards and ensure you can quickly locate the right bit for the job. Safety is not just about the cut; it’s about ensuring you’re prepared and protected for each step and that your tools remain in good condition for the next project.